The Role of Neuroplasticity and the Immune System in Recovery from Strokes and Other Forms of Brain Trauma

Injuries to the central nervous system, such as those that arise from ischemic strokes and other traumas, activate neuroplasticity [1] which plays an important role in the recovery of motor and sensory functions [2]. The effect of neuroplasticity may be of two kinds. It can be beneficial and it can be harmful [3]. Activation of beneficial neuroplasticity makes it possible to learn new skills and is essential for normal childhood development. Activation of harmful neuroplasticity can cause symptoms and signs of diseases such as chronic neuropathic pain, severe tinnitus, spasticity, and some forms of muscle spasm [3]. Overcompensation for lost functions in specific parts of the spinal cord and the brain can lead to hyperactivity disorders such as spasticity.